What is Nanotechnology

Technology
is shrinking fast. Computing technology that would have filled a
warehouse 30 years ago can now be squeezed onto a chip a fraction of
the size of your thumbnail. The very smallest scale of engineering is called nanotechnology. A
nanometer is a billionth of a meter, about the width of ten atoms. Nanotechnology may, one day, be capable nanorobotics, nanorobots or
nanobots. Working at an almost atomic level, nanobots could build
complex items cheaply and repair clothes, equipment and even people
without being noticed. They could also be used to rid the atmosphere of
pollution and to repair holes in the ozone layer.

A nanogear

Machines made from individual atoms, like this differential gear, have reached the computer modelling stage, but have not yet been built. For nanotechnology to work, they would need to be made in huge numbers. Scientists are looking to nature for ideas on how nanobots. May be self-replicating, like plant and animal cells than a human hair.

Building atoms

Each ball represents one atom. The whole gear measures just a few nanometers in diameter.

---

May the force be with you

This manipulator is a big step toward an assember that can built nanobots from atoms. It uses an atomic force microscope, together with sopihisticated handling tools to manipulate minute particles.

You can write your comments and questions about nanotechnology using the mail.

These are benefits of Nanotechnology area. Benefits are will be very useful for humanity.

Nano Fabrics

Cosmetics

Bio Engineering

Defence and Security

---

Bottom up

A mere wisp

A row of 20,000 of these stick figures is more narrow than a human hair.

Researchers are looking at different ways to construct nanorobots the “bottom up” approach uses individual atoms and molecules as building block. This stick figure was created from just 28 carbon monoxide molecules.

---

Top Down

Known as “top down” one potential way of building nanomachines is to miniaturize existing machines. There have been some incredible feats, including whis fully working electric motor, just 0.07 in (1.8mm) in size.

Putting it in context

A plankton skeleton, just 0.008 in (0.2 mm) across, sits on one of the engine’s cogs, measuring 0.02 in (0.5 mm)

---

Medical Nanobots

Medicine is the on the most exciting applicaiton areas for anobots. It may become possible to inject a fleet of nanobots to perfom vital work inside a human body without resorting to surgery. Imagine toothpaste full of nanobots equipped to locate and destroy plaque or nanobots built to clean a diseased blood vessel.

Plaque Attack

The diseased section of the blood vessel is covered with a type of plaque containing cholesterol.

---

We want to show you some photos about nanotechnology.

Ant : 5 milimeters

Head of a pain: 1-2 milimeters

Dust mite : 200 micrometers

Micro Electro Mechanical Devices (Pollen Grain) : 10-100 micrometers

Human Hair : 10-50 micrometers

Red Blood Cells with White Cells : 2-5 micrometers

Cellulose Nanofibrils : 20-100 nanometers

DNA : 1-2 nanometers

Stacks of Clay Mineral Platelets each Platelet with 1 nanometer thick

5 Atoms of Silicon : 1 nanometer

Carbon Nanotube : 2 nanometer diameter

What are applications of nanotechnology? Uses of Nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology will be on health area.

There is a nanotechnology item with red blood cells in vein or artery on this photo. It work to repairs the problems about human body.

Nanotechnology development has four generations.

a. Dispersed and contact nanostructures. Example: colloids, aerosols…

b. Products incorporating nanostructures. Example: coatings, nanoparticle reinforced composites, nanostructured metals, polymers, ceramics…

• Second generation is Active Nanostructures (2005)

a. Bio-active, health effects. Example: Targeted drugs, biodevices…

First generation is Passive Nanostructures (2000)

b. Physico-chemical active. Examle: 3D transistors, amplifiers, actuators, adaptive structures…

Example: 3D networking and new hierarchical architectures, robotics, evolutionary…

Example: Molecular devices “by design”, atomic design, emerging functions…

P.S: Nanotechnology can be very useful for human generations or can’t be…

Third Generation is Systems of Nanosystems (2010)

Fourth Generation is Molecular Nanosystems (2015-2020)

Waste Away

The nanobot would either remain inside the blood system, constantly performing its task or it would be programmed to biodegrade safely, carrying the waste plaque out of the human body.

Saw “n” scrape

An incredibly small rotary saw would scrape the plaque free from the blood vessel wall.

Micro cleaner

A vacuum hose would stuck up the waste plaque for safe storage inside the nanobot.

The Challenge : Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful device, e.g a photosynthetic renction center with integral semiconductor strage.

Benefits of Nanotechnology

Innovative Application. What is nanotechnology benefits?

Energy
Medicine and Drugs
Nanobio-technology
Nano Devices
Optical Engineering

Optimization of Cairo West Power Plant for Generation

Check out this SlideShare Presentation:

Optimization of Cairo West Power Plant for Generation

View more documents from hossamzein.

Optimization of Cairo West Power Plant for Generation

Check out this

Optimization of Cairo West Power Plant for Generation

View more documents from hossamzein.

Control electrical appliances using PC

Here is a circuit for using the printer port of a PC, for control application using software and some interface hardware. The interface circuit along with the given software can be used with the printer port of any PC for controlling up to eight equipment .

The interface circuit shown in the figure is drawn for only one device, being controlled by D0 bit at pin 2 of the 25-pin parallel port. Identical circuits for the remaining data bits D1 through D7 (available at pins 3 through 9) have to be similarly wired. The use of opto-coupler ensures complete isolation of the PC from the relay driver circuitry.

Lots of ways to control the hardware can be implemented using software. In C/C++ one can use the outportb(portno,value) function where portno is the parallel port address (usually 378hex for LPT1) and 'value' is the data that is to be sent to the port. For a value=0 all the outputs (D0-D7) are off. For value=1 D0 is ON, value=2 D1 is ON, value=4, D2 is ON and so on. eg. If value=29(decimal) = 00011101(binary) ->D0,D2,D3,D4 are ON and the rest are OFF.

Simple Analog to Digital Converter

Normally analogue-to-digital con-verter (ADC) needs interfacing through a microprocessor to convert analogue data into digital format. This requires hardware and necessary software, resulting in increased complexity and hence the total cost.

The circuit of A-to-D converter shown here is configured around ADC 0808, avoiding the use of a microprocessor. The ADC 0808 is an 8-bit A-to-D converter, having data lines D0-D7. It works on the principle of successive approximation. It has a total of eight analogue input channels, out of which any one can be selected using address lines A, B and C. Here, in this case, input channel IN0 is selected by grounding A, B and C address lines.

Usually the control signals EOC (end of conversion), SC (start conversion), ALE (address latch enable) and OE (output enable) are interfaced by means of a microprocessor. However, the circuit shown here is built to operate in its continuous mode without using any microprocessor. Therefore the input control signals ALE and OE, being active-high, are tied to Vcc (+5 volts). The input control signal SC, being active-low, initiates start of conversion at falling edge of the pulse, whereas the output signal EOC becomes high after completion of digitisation. This EOC output is coupled to SC input, where falling edge of EOC output acts as SC input to direct the ADC to start the conversion.

As the conversion starts, EOC signal goes high. At next clock pulse EOC output again goes low, and hence SC is enabled to start the next conversion. Thus, it provides continuous 8-bit digital output corresponding to instantaneous value of analogue input. The maximum level of analogue input voltage should be appropriately scaled down below positive reference (+5V) level.

The ADC 0808 IC requires clock signal of typically 550 kHz, which can be easily derived from an astable multivibrator constructed using 7404 inverter gates. In order to visualise the digital output, the row of eight LEDs (LED1 through LED8) have been used, wherein each LED is connected to respective data lines D0 through D7. Since ADC works in the continuous mode, it displays digital output as soon as analogue input is applied. The decimal equivalent digital output value D for a given analogue input voltage Vin can be calculated from the relationship.

Click here to go Back BACK